risingwave_frontend/handler/

explain_analyze_stream_job.rs

// Copyright 2025 RisingWave Labs
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use std::collections::HashMap;

use pgwire::pg_response::StatementType;
use risingwave_common::types::Fields;
use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::AnalyzeTarget;
use tokio::time::Duration;

use crate::error::Result;
use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::graph::{
    extract_executor_infos, extract_stream_node_infos, render_graph_with_metrics,
};
use crate::handler::{HandlerArgs, RwPgResponse, RwPgResponseBuilder, RwPgResponseBuilderExt};

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! debug_panic_or_warn {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) || cfg!(madsim) {
            panic!($($arg)*);
        } else {
            tracing::warn!($($arg)*);
        }
    };
}

#[derive(Fields)]
struct ExplainAnalyzeStreamJobOutput {
    identity: String,
    actor_ids: String,
    output_rows_per_second: Option<String>,
    downstream_backpressure_ratio: Option<String>,
}

pub async fn handle_explain_analyze_stream_job(
    handler_args: HandlerArgs,
    target: AnalyzeTarget,
    duration_secs: Option<u64>,
) -> Result<RwPgResponse> {
    let profiling_duration = Duration::from_secs(duration_secs.unwrap_or(10));
    let job_id = bind::bind_relation(&target, &handler_args)?;

    let meta_client = handler_args.session.env().meta_client();
    let fragments = net::get_fragments(meta_client, job_id.into()).await?;
    let fragment_parallelisms = fragments
        .iter()
        .map(|f| (f.id, f.actors.len()))
        .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
    let (root_node, dispatcher_fragment_ids, adjacency_list) = extract_stream_node_infos(fragments);
    let (executor_ids, operator_to_executor) = extract_executor_infos(&adjacency_list);
    tracing::debug!(
        ?fragment_parallelisms,
        ?root_node,
        ?dispatcher_fragment_ids,
        ?adjacency_list,
        "explain analyze metadata"
    );

    let worker_nodes = net::list_stream_worker_nodes(handler_args.session.env()).await?;

    let executor_stats = net::get_executor_stats(
        &handler_args,
        &worker_nodes,
        &executor_ids,
        &dispatcher_fragment_ids,
        profiling_duration,
    )
    .await?;
    tracing::debug!(?executor_stats, "collected executor stats");
    let aggregated_stats = metrics::OperatorStats::aggregate(
        operator_to_executor,
        &executor_stats,
        &fragment_parallelisms,
    );
    tracing::debug!(?aggregated_stats, "collected aggregated stats");

    // Render graph with metrics
    let rows = render_graph_with_metrics(
        &adjacency_list,
        root_node,
        &aggregated_stats,
        &profiling_duration,
    );
    let builder = RwPgResponseBuilder::empty(StatementType::EXPLAIN);
    let builder = builder.rows(rows);
    Ok(builder.into())
}

/// Binding pass, since we don't go through the binder.
/// TODO(noel): Should this be in binder? But it may make compilation slower and doesn't require any binder logic...
mod bind {
    use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::AnalyzeTarget;

    use crate::Binder;
    use crate::catalog::root_catalog::SchemaPath;
    use crate::error::Result;
    use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;

    /// Bind the analyze target relation to its actual id.
    pub(super) fn bind_relation(
        target_relation: &AnalyzeTarget,
        handler_args: &HandlerArgs,
    ) -> Result<u32> {
        let job_id = match &target_relation {
            AnalyzeTarget::Id(id) => *id,
            AnalyzeTarget::Index(name)
            | AnalyzeTarget::Table(name)
            | AnalyzeTarget::Sink(name)
            | AnalyzeTarget::MaterializedView(name) => {
                let session = &handler_args.session;
                let db_name = session.database();
                let (schema_name, name) = Binder::resolve_schema_qualified_name(&db_name, name)?;
                let search_path = session.config().search_path();
                let user_name = &session.user_name();
                let schema_path = SchemaPath::new(schema_name.as_deref(), &search_path, user_name);

                let catalog_reader = handler_args.session.env().catalog_reader();
                let catalog = catalog_reader.read_guard();

                match target_relation {
                    AnalyzeTarget::Index(_) => {
                        let (catalog, _schema_name) =
                            catalog.get_any_index_by_name(&db_name, schema_path, &name)?;
                        catalog.id.index_id
                    }
                    AnalyzeTarget::Table(_) => {
                        let (catalog, _schema_name) =
                            catalog.get_any_table_by_name(&db_name, schema_path, &name)?;
                        catalog.id.as_raw_id()
                    }
                    AnalyzeTarget::Sink(_) => {
                        let (catalog, _schema_name) =
                            catalog.get_any_sink_by_name(&db_name, schema_path, &name)?;
                        catalog.id.sink_id
                    }
                    AnalyzeTarget::MaterializedView(_) => {
                        let (catalog, _schema_name) =
                            catalog.get_any_table_by_name(&db_name, schema_path, &name)?;
                        catalog.id.as_raw_id()
                    }
                    AnalyzeTarget::Id(_) => unreachable!(),
                }
            }
        };
        Ok(job_id)
    }
}

/// Utilities for fetching stats from CN
mod net {
    use std::collections::HashSet;

    use risingwave_pb::common::WorkerNode;
    use risingwave_pb::id::JobId;
    use risingwave_pb::meta::list_table_fragments_response::FragmentInfo;
    use risingwave_pb::monitor_service::GetProfileStatsRequest;
    use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};

    use crate::error::Result;
    use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::graph::ExecutorId;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::metrics::ExecutorStats;
    use crate::meta_client::FrontendMetaClient;
    use crate::session::FrontendEnv;

    pub(super) async fn list_stream_worker_nodes(env: &FrontendEnv) -> Result<Vec<WorkerNode>> {
        let worker_nodes = env.meta_client().list_all_nodes().await?;
        let stream_worker_nodes = worker_nodes
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|node| {
                node.property
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|p| p.is_streaming)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| false)
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        Ok(stream_worker_nodes)
    }

    // TODO(kwannoel): Only fetch the names, actor_ids and graph of the fragments
    pub(super) async fn get_fragments(
        meta_client: &dyn FrontendMetaClient,
        job_id: JobId,
    ) -> Result<Vec<FragmentInfo>> {
        let mut fragment_map = meta_client.list_table_fragments(&[job_id]).await?;
        assert_eq!(fragment_map.len(), 1, "expected only one fragment");
        let (fragment_job_id, table_fragment_info) = fragment_map.drain().next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(fragment_job_id, job_id);
        Ok(table_fragment_info.fragments)
    }

    pub(super) async fn get_executor_stats(
        handler_args: &HandlerArgs,
        worker_nodes: &[WorkerNode],
        executor_ids: &HashSet<ExecutorId>,
        dispatcher_fragment_ids: &HashSet<u32>,
        profiling_duration: Duration,
    ) -> Result<ExecutorStats> {
        let dispatcher_fragment_ids = dispatcher_fragment_ids.iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let mut initial_aggregated_stats = ExecutorStats::new();
        for node in worker_nodes {
            let mut compute_client = handler_args.session.env().client_pool().get(node).await?;
            let stats = compute_client
                .monitor_client
                .get_profile_stats(GetProfileStatsRequest {
                    executor_ids: executor_ids.iter().copied().collect(),
                    dispatcher_fragment_ids: dispatcher_fragment_ids.clone(),
                })
                .await
                .expect("get profiling stats failed");
            initial_aggregated_stats.record(
                executor_ids,
                &dispatcher_fragment_ids,
                &stats.into_inner(),
            );
        }
        tracing::debug!(?initial_aggregated_stats, "initial aggregated stats");

        sleep(profiling_duration).await;

        let mut final_aggregated_stats = ExecutorStats::new();
        for node in worker_nodes {
            let mut compute_client = handler_args.session.env().client_pool().get(node).await?;
            let stats = compute_client
                .monitor_client
                .get_profile_stats(GetProfileStatsRequest {
                    executor_ids: executor_ids.iter().copied().collect(),
                    dispatcher_fragment_ids: dispatcher_fragment_ids.clone(),
                })
                .await
                .expect("get profiling stats failed");
            final_aggregated_stats.record(
                executor_ids,
                &dispatcher_fragment_ids,
                &stats.into_inner(),
            );
        }
        tracing::debug!(?final_aggregated_stats, "final aggregated stats");

        let delta_aggregated_stats = ExecutorStats::get_delta(
            &initial_aggregated_stats,
            &final_aggregated_stats,
            executor_ids,
            &dispatcher_fragment_ids,
        );

        Ok(delta_aggregated_stats)
    }
}

/// Profiling metrics data structure and utilities
/// We have 2 stages of metric collection:
/// 1. Collect the stream node metrics at the **Executor** level.
/// 2. Merge the stream node metrics into **Operator** level, avg, max, min, etc...
mod metrics {
    use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};

    use risingwave_common::operator::unique_executor_id_into_parts;
    use risingwave_pb::monitor_service::GetProfileStatsResponse;

    use crate::catalog::FragmentId;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::graph::{ExecutorId, OperatorId};
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::utils::operator_id_for_dispatch;

    #[expect(dead_code)]
    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
    pub(super) struct ExecutorMetrics {
        pub executor_id: ExecutorId,
        pub epoch: u32,
        pub total_output_throughput: u64,
        pub total_output_pending_ns: u64,
    }

    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
    pub(super) struct DispatchMetrics {
        pub fragment_id: FragmentId,
        pub epoch: u32,
        pub total_output_throughput: u64,
        pub total_output_pending_ns: u64,
    }

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub(super) struct ExecutorStats {
        executor_stats: HashMap<ExecutorId, ExecutorMetrics>,
        dispatch_stats: HashMap<FragmentId, DispatchMetrics>,
    }

    impl ExecutorStats {
        pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
            ExecutorStats {
                executor_stats: HashMap::new(),
                dispatch_stats: HashMap::new(),
            }
        }

        pub fn get(&self, executor_id: &ExecutorId) -> Option<&ExecutorMetrics> {
            self.executor_stats.get(executor_id)
        }

        /// Record metrics for profiling
        pub(super) fn record<'a>(
            &mut self,
            executor_ids: &'a HashSet<ExecutorId>,
            dispatch_fragment_ids: &'a [FragmentId],
            metrics: &'a GetProfileStatsResponse,
        ) {
            for executor_id in executor_ids {
                let Some(total_output_throughput) =
                    metrics.stream_node_output_row_count.get(executor_id)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let Some(total_output_pending_ns) = metrics
                    .stream_node_output_blocking_duration_ns
                    .get(executor_id)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let stats = ExecutorMetrics {
                    executor_id: *executor_id,
                    epoch: 0,
                    total_output_throughput: *total_output_throughput,
                    total_output_pending_ns: *total_output_pending_ns,
                };
                // An executor should be scheduled on a single worker node,
                // it should not be inserted multiple times.
                if cfg!(madsim) {
                    // If madsim is enabled, worker nodes will share the same process.
                    // The metrics is stored as a global object, so querying each worker node
                    // will return the same set of executor metrics.
                    // So we should not assert here.
                    self.executor_stats.insert(*executor_id, stats);
                } else {
                    assert!(self.executor_stats.insert(*executor_id, stats).is_none());
                }
            }

            for fragment_id in dispatch_fragment_ids {
                let Some(total_output_throughput) =
                    metrics.dispatch_fragment_output_row_count.get(fragment_id)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let Some(total_output_pending_ns) = metrics
                    .dispatch_fragment_output_blocking_duration_ns
                    .get(fragment_id)
                else {
                    continue;
                };
                let stats = self.dispatch_stats.entry(*fragment_id).or_default();
                stats.fragment_id = *fragment_id;
                stats.epoch = 0;
                // do a sum rather than insert
                // because dispatchers are
                // distributed across worker nodes.
                stats.total_output_throughput += *total_output_throughput;
                stats.total_output_pending_ns += *total_output_pending_ns;
            }
        }

        pub(super) fn get_delta(
            initial: &Self,
            end: &Self,
            executor_ids: &HashSet<ExecutorId>,
            dispatch_fragment_ids: &[FragmentId],
        ) -> Self {
            let mut delta_aggregated_stats = Self::new();
            for executor_id in executor_ids {
                let (actor_id, operator_id) = unique_executor_id_into_parts(*executor_id);
                let Some(initial_stats) = initial.executor_stats.get(executor_id) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "missing initial stats for executor {} (actor {} operator {})",
                        executor_id,
                        actor_id,
                        operator_id
                    );
                    continue;
                };
                let Some(end_stats) = end.executor_stats.get(executor_id) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "missing final stats for executor {} (actor {} operator {})",
                        executor_id,
                        actor_id,
                        operator_id
                    );
                    continue;
                };

                let initial_throughput = initial_stats.total_output_throughput;
                let end_throughput = end_stats.total_output_throughput;
                let Some(delta_throughput) = end_throughput.checked_sub(initial_throughput) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "delta throughput is negative for actor {} operator {} (initial: {}, end: {})",
                        actor_id,
                        operator_id,
                        initial_throughput,
                        end_throughput
                    );
                    continue;
                };

                let initial_pending_ns = initial_stats.total_output_pending_ns;
                let end_pending_ns = end_stats.total_output_pending_ns;
                let Some(delta_pending_ns) = end_pending_ns.checked_sub(initial_pending_ns) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "delta pending ns is negative for actor {} operator {} (initial: {}, end: {})",
                        actor_id,
                        operator_id,
                        initial_pending_ns,
                        end_pending_ns
                    );
                    continue;
                };

                let delta_stats = ExecutorMetrics {
                    executor_id: *executor_id,
                    epoch: 0,
                    total_output_throughput: delta_throughput,
                    total_output_pending_ns: delta_pending_ns,
                };
                delta_aggregated_stats
                    .executor_stats
                    .insert(*executor_id, delta_stats);
            }

            for fragment_id in dispatch_fragment_ids {
                let Some(initial_stats) = initial.dispatch_stats.get(fragment_id) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!("missing initial stats for fragment {}", fragment_id);
                    continue;
                };
                let Some(end_stats) = end.dispatch_stats.get(fragment_id) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!("missing final stats for fragment {}", fragment_id);
                    continue;
                };

                let initial_throughput = initial_stats.total_output_throughput;
                let end_throughput = end_stats.total_output_throughput;
                let Some(delta_throughput) = end_throughput.checked_sub(initial_throughput) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "delta throughput is negative for fragment {} (initial: {}, end: {})",
                        fragment_id,
                        initial_throughput,
                        end_throughput
                    );
                    continue;
                };

                let initial_pending_ns = initial_stats.total_output_pending_ns;
                let end_pending_ns = end_stats.total_output_pending_ns;
                let Some(delta_pending_ns) = end_pending_ns.checked_sub(initial_pending_ns) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "delta pending ns is negative for fragment {} (initial: {}, end: {})",
                        fragment_id,
                        initial_pending_ns,
                        end_pending_ns
                    );
                    continue;
                };

                let delta_stats = DispatchMetrics {
                    fragment_id: *fragment_id,
                    epoch: 0,
                    total_output_throughput: delta_throughput,
                    total_output_pending_ns: delta_pending_ns,
                };
                delta_aggregated_stats
                    .dispatch_stats
                    .insert(*fragment_id, delta_stats);
            }

            delta_aggregated_stats
        }
    }

    #[expect(dead_code)]
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub(super) struct OperatorMetrics {
        pub operator_id: OperatorId,
        pub epoch: u32,
        pub total_output_throughput: u64,
        pub total_output_pending_ns: u64,
    }

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub(super) struct OperatorStats {
        inner: HashMap<OperatorId, OperatorMetrics>,
    }

    impl OperatorStats {
        /// Aggregates executor-level stats into operator-level stats
        pub(super) fn aggregate(
            operator_map: HashMap<OperatorId, HashSet<ExecutorId>>,
            executor_stats: &ExecutorStats,
            fragment_parallelisms: &HashMap<FragmentId, usize>,
        ) -> Self {
            let mut operator_stats = HashMap::new();
            'operator_loop: for (operator_id, executor_ids) in operator_map {
                let num_executors = executor_ids.len() as u64;
                let mut total_output_throughput = 0;
                let mut total_output_pending_ns = 0;
                for executor_id in executor_ids {
                    if let Some(stats) = executor_stats.get(&executor_id) {
                        total_output_throughput += stats.total_output_throughput;
                        total_output_pending_ns += stats.total_output_pending_ns;
                    } else {
                        // skip this operator if it doesn't have executor stats for any of its executors
                        continue 'operator_loop;
                    }
                }
                let total_output_throughput = total_output_throughput;
                let total_output_pending_ns = total_output_pending_ns / num_executors;

                operator_stats.insert(
                    operator_id,
                    OperatorMetrics {
                        operator_id,
                        epoch: 0,
                        total_output_throughput,
                        total_output_pending_ns,
                    },
                );
            }

            for (fragment_id, dispatch_metrics) in &executor_stats.dispatch_stats {
                let operator_id = operator_id_for_dispatch(*fragment_id);
                let total_output_throughput = dispatch_metrics.total_output_throughput;
                let Some(fragment_parallelism) = fragment_parallelisms.get(fragment_id) else {
                    debug_panic_or_warn!(
                        "missing fragment parallelism for fragment {}",
                        fragment_id
                    );
                    continue;
                };
                let total_output_pending_ns =
                    dispatch_metrics.total_output_pending_ns / *fragment_parallelism as u64;

                operator_stats.insert(
                    operator_id,
                    OperatorMetrics {
                        operator_id,
                        epoch: 0,
                        total_output_throughput,
                        total_output_pending_ns,
                    },
                );
            }

            OperatorStats {
                inner: operator_stats,
            }
        }

        pub fn get(&self, operator_id: &OperatorId) -> Option<&OperatorMetrics> {
            self.inner.get(operator_id)
        }
    }
}

/// Utilities for the stream node graph:
/// rendering, extracting, etc.
mod graph {
    use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
    use std::fmt::Debug;
    use std::time::Duration;

    use itertools::Itertools;
    use risingwave_common::operator::{
        unique_executor_id_from_unique_operator_id, unique_operator_id,
        unique_operator_id_into_parts,
    };
    use risingwave_pb::meta::list_table_fragments_response::FragmentInfo;
    use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::{NodeBody, NodeBodyDiscriminants};
    use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{MergeNode, StreamNode as PbStreamNode};

    use crate::catalog::FragmentId;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::ExplainAnalyzeStreamJobOutput;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::metrics::OperatorStats;
    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::utils::operator_id_for_dispatch;
    pub(super) type OperatorId = u64;
    pub(super) type ExecutorId = u64;

    /// This is an internal struct used ONLY for explain analyze stream job.
    pub(super) struct StreamNode {
        operator_id: OperatorId,
        fragment_id: u32,
        identity: NodeBodyDiscriminants,
        actor_ids: HashSet<u32>,
        dependencies: Vec<u64>,
    }

    impl Debug for StreamNode {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
            let (actor_id, operator_id) = unique_operator_id_into_parts(self.operator_id);
            let operator_id_str = format!(
                "{}: (actor_id: {}, operator_id: {})",
                self.operator_id, actor_id, operator_id
            );
            write!(
                f,
                "StreamNode {{ operator_id: {}, fragment_id: {}, identity: {:?}, actor_ids: {:?}, dependencies: {:?} }}",
                operator_id_str, self.fragment_id, self.identity, self.actor_ids, self.dependencies
            )
        }
    }

    impl StreamNode {
        fn new_for_dispatcher(fragment_id: u32) -> Self {
            StreamNode {
                operator_id: operator_id_for_dispatch(fragment_id),
                fragment_id,
                identity: NodeBodyDiscriminants::Exchange,
                actor_ids: Default::default(),
                dependencies: Default::default(),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Extracts the root node of the plan, as well as the adjacency list
    pub(super) fn extract_stream_node_infos(
        fragments: Vec<FragmentInfo>,
    ) -> (
        OperatorId,
        HashSet<FragmentId>,
        HashMap<OperatorId, StreamNode>,
    ) {
        let job_fragment_ids = fragments.iter().map(|f| f.id).collect::<HashSet<_>>();

        // Finds root nodes of the graph
        fn find_root_nodes(stream_nodes: &HashMap<u64, StreamNode>) -> HashSet<u64> {
            let mut all_nodes = stream_nodes.keys().copied().collect::<HashSet<_>>();
            for node in stream_nodes.values() {
                for dependency in &node.dependencies {
                    all_nodes.remove(dependency);
                }
            }
            all_nodes
        }

        // Recursively extracts stream node info, and builds an adjacency list between stream nodes
        // and their dependencies
        fn extract_stream_node_info(
            fragment_id: u32,
            fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id: &mut HashMap<u32, OperatorId>,
            operator_id_to_stream_node: &mut HashMap<OperatorId, StreamNode>,
            node: &PbStreamNode,
            actor_ids: &HashSet<u32>,
        ) {
            let identity = node
                .node_body
                .as_ref()
                .expect("should have node body")
                .into();
            let operator_id = unique_operator_id(fragment_id, node.operator_id);
            if let Some(merge_node) = node.node_body.as_ref()
                && let NodeBody::Merge(box MergeNode {
                    upstream_fragment_id,
                    ..
                }) = merge_node
            {
                fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id.insert(*upstream_fragment_id, operator_id);
            }
            let dependencies = &node.input;
            let dependency_ids = dependencies
                .iter()
                .map(|input| unique_operator_id(fragment_id, input.operator_id))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            operator_id_to_stream_node.insert(
                operator_id,
                StreamNode {
                    operator_id,
                    fragment_id,
                    identity,
                    actor_ids: actor_ids.clone(),
                    dependencies: dependency_ids,
                },
            );
            for dependency in dependencies {
                extract_stream_node_info(
                    fragment_id,
                    fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id,
                    operator_id_to_stream_node,
                    dependency,
                    actor_ids,
                );
            }
        }

        // build adjacency list and hanging merge edges.
        // hanging merge edges will be filled in the following section.
        let mut operator_id_to_stream_node = HashMap::new();
        let mut fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id = HashMap::new();
        for fragment in fragments {
            let actors = fragment.actors;
            assert!(
                !actors.is_empty(),
                "fragment {} should have at least one actor",
                fragment.id
            );
            let actor_ids = actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.id).collect::<HashSet<_>>();
            let node = actors[0].node.as_ref().expect("should have stream node");
            extract_stream_node_info(
                fragment.id,
                &mut fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id,
                &mut operator_id_to_stream_node,
                node,
                &actor_ids,
            );
        }

        // find root node, and fill in dispatcher edges + nodes.
        let root_or_dispatch_nodes = find_root_nodes(&operator_id_to_stream_node);
        let mut root_node = None;
        for operator_id in root_or_dispatch_nodes {
            let node = operator_id_to_stream_node.get_mut(&operator_id).unwrap();
            let fragment_id = node.fragment_id;
            if let Some(merge_operator_id) = fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id.get(&fragment_id) {
                let mut dispatcher = StreamNode::new_for_dispatcher(fragment_id);
                let operator_id_for_dispatch = dispatcher.operator_id;
                dispatcher.dependencies.push(operator_id);
                assert!(
                    operator_id_to_stream_node
                        .insert(operator_id_for_dispatch as _, dispatcher)
                        .is_none()
                );
                operator_id_to_stream_node
                    .get_mut(merge_operator_id)
                    .unwrap()
                    .dependencies
                    .push(operator_id_for_dispatch as _)
            } else {
                root_node = Some(operator_id);
            }
        }

        let mut dispatcher_fragment_ids = HashSet::new();
        for dispatcher_fragment_id in fragment_id_to_merge_operator_id.keys() {
            if job_fragment_ids.contains(dispatcher_fragment_id) {
                dispatcher_fragment_ids.insert(*dispatcher_fragment_id);
            }
        }

        (
            root_node.unwrap(),
            dispatcher_fragment_ids,
            operator_id_to_stream_node,
        )
    }

    pub(super) fn extract_executor_infos(
        adjacency_list: &HashMap<OperatorId, StreamNode>,
    ) -> (HashSet<u64>, HashMap<u64, HashSet<u64>>) {
        let mut executor_ids = HashSet::new();
        let mut operator_to_executor = HashMap::new();
        for (operator_id, node) in adjacency_list {
            assert_eq!(*operator_id, node.operator_id);
            let operator_id = node.operator_id;
            for actor_id in &node.actor_ids {
                let executor_id =
                    unique_executor_id_from_unique_operator_id(*actor_id, operator_id);
                if node.identity != NodeBodyDiscriminants::BatchPlan
                // FIXME(kwannoel): Add back after https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/22775 is resolved.
                && node.identity != NodeBodyDiscriminants::Merge
                && node.identity != NodeBodyDiscriminants::Project
                {
                    assert!(executor_ids.insert(executor_id));
                }
                assert!(
                    operator_to_executor
                        .entry(operator_id)
                        .or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
                        .insert(executor_id)
                );
            }
        }
        (executor_ids, operator_to_executor)
    }

    // Do a DFS based rendering. Each node will occupy its own row.
    // Schema:
    // | Operator ID | Identity | Actor IDs | Metrics ... |
    // Each node will be indented based on its depth in the graph.
    pub(super) fn render_graph_with_metrics(
        adjacency_list: &HashMap<u64, StreamNode>,
        root_node: u64,
        stats: &OperatorStats,
        profiling_duration: &Duration,
    ) -> Vec<ExplainAnalyzeStreamJobOutput> {
        let profiling_duration_secs = profiling_duration.as_secs_f64();
        let mut rows = vec![];
        let mut stack = vec![(String::new(), true, root_node)];
        while let Some((prefix, last_child, node_id)) = stack.pop() {
            let Some(node) = adjacency_list.get(&node_id) else {
                continue;
            };
            let is_root = node_id == root_node;

            let identity_rendered = if is_root {
                node.identity.to_string()
            } else {
                let connector = if last_child { "└─ " } else { "├─ " };
                format!("{}{}{}", prefix, connector, node.identity)
            };

            let child_prefix = if is_root {
                ""
            } else if last_child {
                "   "
            } else {
                "│  "
            };
            let child_prefix = format!("{}{}", prefix, child_prefix);

            let stats = stats.get(&node_id);
            let (output_rows_per_second, downstream_backpressure_ratio) = match stats {
                Some(stats) => (
                    Some(
                        (stats.total_output_throughput as f64 / profiling_duration_secs)
                            .to_string(),
                    ),
                    Some(
                        (Duration::from_nanos(stats.total_output_pending_ns).as_secs_f64()
                            / usize::max(node.actor_ids.len(), 1) as f64
                            / profiling_duration_secs)
                            .to_string(),
                    ),
                ),
                None => (None, None),
            };
            let row = ExplainAnalyzeStreamJobOutput {
                identity: identity_rendered,
                actor_ids: node
                    .actor_ids
                    .iter()
                    .sorted()
                    .map(|id| id.to_string())
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(","),
                output_rows_per_second,
                downstream_backpressure_ratio,
            };
            rows.push(row);
            for (position, dependency) in node.dependencies.iter().enumerate() {
                stack.push((child_prefix.clone(), position == 0, *dependency));
            }
        }
        rows
    }
}

mod utils {
    use risingwave_common::operator::unique_operator_id;

    use crate::handler::explain_analyze_stream_job::graph::OperatorId;

    pub(super) fn operator_id_for_dispatch(fragment_id: u32) -> OperatorId {
        unique_operator_id(fragment_id, u32::MAX as u64)
    }
}