risingwave_frontend/optimizer/plan_node/

stream_sink.rs

// Copyright 2025 RisingWave Labs
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
use std::sync::Arc;

use anyhow::anyhow;
use fixedbitset::FixedBitSet;
use iceberg::spec::Transform;
use itertools::Itertools;
use pretty_xmlish::{Pretty, XmlNode};
use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, CreateType};
use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
use risingwave_connector::match_sink_name_str;
use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::desc::SinkDesc;
use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkFormat, SinkFormatDesc, SinkId, SinkType};
use risingwave_connector::sink::file_sink::fs::FsSink;
use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::ICEBERG_SINK;
use risingwave_connector::sink::trivial::TABLE_SINK;
use risingwave_connector::sink::{
    CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY, SINK_TYPE_DEBEZIUM, SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
    SINK_TYPE_UPSERT, SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, SinkError,
};
use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;
use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::SinkLogStoreType;
use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::PbNodeBody;

use super::derive::{derive_columns, derive_pk};
use super::stream::prelude::*;
use super::utils::{
    Distill, IndicesDisplay, childless_record, infer_kv_log_store_table_catalog_inner,
};
use super::{
    ExprRewritable, PlanBase, PlanRef, StreamNode, StreamProject, StreamSyncLogStore, generic,
};
use crate::TableCatalog;
use crate::error::{ErrorCode, Result, RwError};
use crate::expr::{ExprImpl, FunctionCall, InputRef};
use crate::optimizer::plan_node::PlanTreeNodeUnary;
use crate::optimizer::plan_node::expr_visitable::ExprVisitable;
use crate::optimizer::plan_node::utils::plan_can_use_background_ddl;
use crate::optimizer::property::{Distribution, Order, RequiredDist};
use crate::stream_fragmenter::BuildFragmentGraphState;
use crate::utils::WithOptionsSecResolved;

const DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY: &str = "primary_key";

/// ## Why we need `PartitionComputeInfo`?
///
/// For some sink, it will write the data into different file based on the partition value. E.g. iceberg sink(<https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#partitioning>)
/// For this kind of sink, the file num can be reduced if we can shuffle the data based on the partition value. More details can be found in <https://github.com/risingwavelabs/rfcs/pull/77>.
/// So if the `PartitionComputeInfo` provided, we will create a `StreamProject` node to compute the partition value and shuffle the data based on the partition value before the sink.
///
/// ## What is `PartitionComputeInfo`?
/// The `PartitionComputeInfo` contains the information about partition compute. The stream sink will use
/// these information to create the corresponding expression in `StreamProject` node.
///
/// #TODO
/// Maybe we should move this in sink?
pub enum PartitionComputeInfo {
    Iceberg(IcebergPartitionInfo),
}

impl PartitionComputeInfo {
    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
        match self {
            PartitionComputeInfo::Iceberg(info) => info.convert_to_expression(columns),
        }
    }
}

pub struct IcebergPartitionInfo {
    pub partition_type: StructType,
    // (partition_field_name, partition_field_transform)
    pub partition_fields: Vec<(String, Transform)>,
}

impl IcebergPartitionInfo {
    #[inline]
    fn transform_to_expression(
        transform: &Transform,
        col_id: usize,
        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
        result_type: DataType,
    ) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
        match transform {
            Transform::Identity => {
                if columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type != result_type {
                    return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                        ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        format!(
                            "The partition field {} has type {}, but the partition field is {}",
                            columns[col_id].column_desc.name,
                            columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type,
                            result_type
                        ),
                    )))
                    .into());
                }
                Ok(ExprImpl::InputRef(
                    InputRef::new(col_id, result_type).into(),
                ))
            }
            Transform::Void => Ok(ExprImpl::literal_null(result_type)),
            _ => Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
                FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
                    Type::IcebergTransform,
                    vec![
                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string()),
                        ExprImpl::InputRef(
                            InputRef::new(col_id, columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type.clone())
                                .into(),
                        ),
                    ],
                    result_type,
                )
                .into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
        let child_exprs = self
            .partition_fields
            .into_iter()
            .zip_eq_debug(self.partition_type.iter())
            .map(|((field_name, transform), (_, result_type))| {
                let col_id = find_column_idx_by_name(columns, &field_name)?;
                Self::transform_to_expression(&transform, col_id, columns, result_type.clone())
            })
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;

        Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
            FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
                Type::Row,
                child_exprs,
                DataType::Struct(self.partition_type),
            )
            .into(),
        ))
    }
}

#[inline]
fn find_column_idx_by_name(columns: &[ColumnCatalog], col_name: &str) -> Result<usize> {
    columns
        .iter()
        .position(|col| col.column_desc.name == col_name)
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                format!("Sink primary key column not found: {}. Please use ',' as the delimiter for different primary key columns.", col_name),
            )))
                .into()
        })
}

/// [`StreamSink`] represents a table/connector sink at the very end of the graph.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct StreamSink {
    pub base: PlanBase<Stream>,
    input: PlanRef,
    sink_desc: SinkDesc,
    log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType,
}

impl StreamSink {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(input: PlanRef, sink_desc: SinkDesc, log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType) -> Self {
        let base = input
            .plan_base()
            .into_stream()
            .expect("input should be stream plan")
            .clone_with_new_plan_id();

        Self {
            base,
            input,
            sink_desc,
            log_store_type,
        }
    }

    pub fn sink_desc(&self) -> &SinkDesc {
        &self.sink_desc
    }

    fn derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
        input: PlanRef,
        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
    ) -> Result<(RequiredDist, PlanRef, Option<usize>)> {
        // For here, we need to add the plan node to compute the partition value, and add it as a extra column.
        if let Some(partition_info) = partition_info {
            let input_fields = input.schema().fields();

            let mut exprs: Vec<_> = input_fields
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
                .map(|(idx, field)| InputRef::new(idx, field.data_type.clone()).into())
                .collect();

            // Add the partition compute expression to the end of the exprs
            exprs.push(partition_info.convert_to_expression(columns)?);
            let partition_col_idx = exprs.len() - 1;
            let project = StreamProject::new(generic::Project::new(exprs.clone(), input));
            Ok((
                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(project.schema().len(), &[partition_col_idx]),
                project.into(),
                Some(partition_col_idx),
            ))
        } else {
            Ok((
                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(input.schema().len(), input.expect_stream_key()),
                input,
                None,
            ))
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn create(
        mut input: PlanRef,
        name: String,
        db_name: String,
        sink_from_table_name: String,
        target_table: Option<Arc<TableCatalog>>,
        target_table_mapping: Option<Vec<Option<usize>>>,
        user_distributed_by: RequiredDist,
        user_order_by: Order,
        user_cols: FixedBitSet,
        out_names: Vec<String>,
        definition: String,
        properties: WithOptionsSecResolved,
        format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let sink_type =
            Self::derive_sink_type(input.append_only(), &properties, format_desc.as_ref())?;

        let columns = derive_columns(input.schema(), out_names, &user_cols)?;
        let (pk, _) = derive_pk(input.clone(), user_order_by, &columns);
        let mut downstream_pk = {
            let from_properties =
                Self::parse_downstream_pk(&columns, properties.get(DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY))?;
            if let Some(t) = &target_table {
                let user_defined_primary_key_table = t.row_id_index.is_none();
                let sink_is_append_only =
                    sink_type == SinkType::AppendOnly || sink_type == SinkType::ForceAppendOnly;

                if !user_defined_primary_key_table && !sink_is_append_only {
                    return Err(RwError::from(ErrorCode::BindError(
                        "Only append-only sinks can sink to a table without primary keys. please try to add type = 'append-only' in the with option. e.g. create sink s into t as select * from t1 with (type = 'append-only')".to_owned(),
                    )));
                }

                if t.append_only && !sink_is_append_only {
                    return Err(RwError::from(ErrorCode::BindError(
                        "Only append-only sinks can sink to a append only table. please try to add type = 'append-only' in the with option. e.g. create sink s into t as select * from t1 with (type = 'append-only')".to_owned(),
                    )));
                }

                if sink_type != SinkType::Upsert {
                    vec![]
                } else {
                    let target_table_mapping = target_table_mapping.unwrap();

                    t.pk()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|c| {
                        target_table_mapping[c.column_index].ok_or(
                            ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                                "When using non append only sink into table, the primary key of the table must be included in the sink result.".to_owned()
                        ))).into())})
                    .try_collect::<_, _, RwError>()?
                }
            } else {
                from_properties
            }
        };
        let mut extra_partition_col_idx = None;

        let required_dist = match input.distribution() {
            Distribution::Single => RequiredDist::single(),
            _ => {
                match properties.get("connector") {
                    Some(s) if s == "jdbc" && sink_type == SinkType::Upsert => {
                        if sink_type == SinkType::Upsert && downstream_pk.is_empty() {
                            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                                format!(
                                    "Primary key must be defined for upsert JDBC sink. Please specify the \"{key}='pk1,pk2,...'\" in WITH options.",
                                    key = DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY
                                ),
                            )))
                                .into());
                        }
                        // for upsert jdbc sink we align distribution to downstream to avoid
                        // lock contentions
                        RequiredDist::hash_shard(downstream_pk.as_slice())
                    }
                    Some(s) if s == ICEBERG_SINK => {
                        // If user doesn't specify the downstream primary key, we use the stream key as the pk.
                        if sink_type.is_upsert() && downstream_pk.is_empty() {
                            downstream_pk = pk.iter().map(|k| k.column_index).collect_vec();
                        }
                        let (required_dist, new_input, partition_col_idx) =
                            Self::derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
                                input,
                                partition_info,
                                &columns,
                            )?;
                        input = new_input;
                        extra_partition_col_idx = partition_col_idx;
                        required_dist
                    }
                    _ => {
                        assert_matches!(user_distributed_by, RequiredDist::Any);
                        if downstream_pk.is_empty() {
                            RequiredDist::shard_by_key(
                                input.schema().len(),
                                input.expect_stream_key(),
                            )
                        } else {
                            // force the same primary key be written into the same sink shard to make sure the sink pk mismatch compaction effective
                            // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/blob/6d88344c286f250ea8a7e7ef6b9d74dea838269e/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs#L169-L198
                            RequiredDist::shard_by_key(
                                input.schema().len(),
                                downstream_pk.as_slice(),
                            )
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        let input = required_dist.enforce_if_not_satisfies(input, &Order::any())?;
        let distribution_key = input.distribution().dist_column_indices().to_vec();
        let create_type = if input.ctx().session_ctx().config().background_ddl()
            && plan_can_use_background_ddl(&input)
        {
            CreateType::Background
        } else {
            CreateType::Foreground
        };
        let (properties, secret_refs) = properties.into_parts();
        let is_exactly_once = properties
            .get("is_exactly_once")
            .is_some_and(|v| v.to_lowercase() == "true");
        let mut sink_desc = SinkDesc {
            id: SinkId::placeholder(),
            name,
            db_name,
            sink_from_name: sink_from_table_name,
            definition,
            columns,
            plan_pk: pk,
            downstream_pk,
            distribution_key,
            properties,
            secret_refs,
            sink_type,
            format_desc,
            target_table: target_table.as_ref().map(|catalog| catalog.id()),
            extra_partition_col_idx,
            create_type,
            is_exactly_once,
        };

        let unsupported_sink =
            |sink: &str| Err(SinkError::Config(anyhow!("unsupported sink type {}", sink)));

        // check and ensure that the sink connector is specified and supported
        let sink_decouple = match sink_desc.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY) {
            Some(connector) => {
                let connector_type = connector.to_lowercase();
                match_sink_name_str!(
                    connector_type.as_str(),
                    SinkType,
                    {
                        // the table sink is created by with properties
                        if connector == TABLE_SINK && sink_desc.target_table.is_none() {
                            unsupported_sink(TABLE_SINK)
                        } else {
                            SinkType::set_default_commit_checkpoint_interval(
                                &mut sink_desc,
                                &input.ctx().session_ctx().config().sink_decouple(),
                            )?;
                            SinkType::is_sink_decouple(
                                &input.ctx().session_ctx().config().sink_decouple(),
                            )
                        }
                    },
                    |other: &str| unsupported_sink(other)
                )?
            }
            None => {
                return Err(
                    SinkError::Config(anyhow!("connector not specified when create sink")).into(),
                );
            }
        };
        // For file sink, it must have sink_decouple turned on.
        if !sink_decouple && sink_desc.is_file_sink() {
            return Err(
                SinkError::Config(anyhow!("File sink can only be created with sink_decouple enabled. Please run `set sink_decouple = true` first.")).into(),
            );
        }
        if !sink_decouple && sink_desc.is_exactly_once {
            return Err(
                SinkError::Config(anyhow!("Exactly once sink can only be created with sink_decouple enabled. Please run `set sink_decouple = true` first.")).into(),
            );
        }
        let log_store_type = if sink_decouple {
            SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore
        } else {
            SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore
        };

        // sink into table should have logstore for sink_decouple
        let input = if sink_decouple && target_table.is_some() {
            StreamSyncLogStore::new(input).into()
        } else {
            input
        };

        Ok(Self::new(input, sink_desc, log_store_type))
    }

    fn sink_type_in_prop(properties: &WithOptionsSecResolved) -> Result<Option<SinkType>> {
        if let Some(sink_type) = properties.get(SINK_TYPE_OPTION) {
            if sink_type == SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY {
                return Ok(Some(SinkType::AppendOnly));
            } else if sink_type == SINK_TYPE_DEBEZIUM || sink_type == SINK_TYPE_UPSERT {
                return Ok(Some(SinkType::Upsert));
            } else {
                return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                    ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                    format!(
                        "`{}` must be {}, {}, or {}",
                        SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
                        SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY,
                        SINK_TYPE_DEBEZIUM,
                        SINK_TYPE_UPSERT
                    ),
                )))
                .into());
            }
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    fn is_user_force_append_only(properties: &WithOptionsSecResolved) -> Result<bool> {
        if properties.contains_key(SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION)
            && !properties.value_eq_ignore_case(SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, "true")
            && !properties.value_eq_ignore_case(SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, "false")
        {
            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                format!(
                    "`{}` must be true or false",
                    SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION
                ),
            )))
            .into());
        }
        Ok(properties.value_eq_ignore_case(SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, "true"))
    }

    fn derive_sink_type(
        input_append_only: bool,
        properties: &WithOptionsSecResolved,
        format_desc: Option<&SinkFormatDesc>,
    ) -> Result<SinkType> {
        let frontend_derived_append_only = input_append_only;
        let (user_defined_sink_type, user_force_append_only, syntax_legacy) = match format_desc {
            Some(f) => (
                Some(match f.format {
                    SinkFormat::AppendOnly => SinkType::AppendOnly,
                    SinkFormat::Upsert | SinkFormat::Debezium => SinkType::Upsert,
                }),
                Self::is_user_force_append_only(&WithOptionsSecResolved::without_secrets(
                    f.options.clone(),
                ))?,
                false,
            ),
            None => (
                Self::sink_type_in_prop(properties)?,
                Self::is_user_force_append_only(properties)?,
                true,
            ),
        };

        if user_force_append_only
            && user_defined_sink_type.is_some()
            && user_defined_sink_type != Some(SinkType::AppendOnly)
        {
            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                "The force_append_only can be only used for type = \'append-only\'".to_owned(),
            )))
            .into());
        }

        let user_force_append_only = if user_force_append_only && frontend_derived_append_only {
            false
        } else {
            user_force_append_only
        };

        if user_force_append_only && user_defined_sink_type != Some(SinkType::AppendOnly) {
            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                format!(
                    "Cannot force the sink to be append-only without \"{}\".",
                    if syntax_legacy {
                        "type='append-only'"
                    } else {
                        "FORMAT PLAIN"
                    }
                ),
            )))
            .into());
        }

        if let Some(user_defined_sink_type) = user_defined_sink_type {
            if user_defined_sink_type == SinkType::AppendOnly {
                if user_force_append_only {
                    return Ok(SinkType::ForceAppendOnly);
                }
                if !frontend_derived_append_only {
                    return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
                            ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                            format!(
                                "The sink cannot be append-only. Please add \"force_append_only='true'\" in {} options to force the sink to be append-only. \
                                Notice that this will cause the sink executor to drop DELETE messages and convert UPDATE messages to INSERT.",
                                if syntax_legacy { "WITH" } else { "FORMAT ENCODE" }
                            ),
                        )))
                            .into());
                } else {
                    return Ok(SinkType::AppendOnly);
                }
            }

            Ok(user_defined_sink_type)
        } else {
            match frontend_derived_append_only {
                true => Ok(SinkType::AppendOnly),
                false => Ok(SinkType::Upsert),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Extract user-defined downstream pk columns from with options. Return the indices of the pk
    /// columns.
    ///
    /// The format of `downstream_pk_str` should be 'col1,col2,...' (delimited by `,`) in order to
    /// get parsed.
    fn parse_downstream_pk(
        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
        downstream_pk_str: Option<&String>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<usize>> {
        match downstream_pk_str {
            Some(downstream_pk_str) => {
                // If the user defines the downstream primary key, we find out their indices.
                let downstream_pk = downstream_pk_str.split(',').collect_vec();
                let mut downstream_pk_indices = Vec::with_capacity(downstream_pk.len());
                for key in downstream_pk {
                    let trimmed_key = key.trim();
                    if trimmed_key.is_empty() {
                        continue;
                    }
                    downstream_pk_indices.push(find_column_idx_by_name(columns, trimmed_key)?);
                }
                Ok(downstream_pk_indices)
            }
            None => {
                // The user doesn't define the downstream primary key and we simply return an empty
                // vector.
                Ok(Vec::new())
            }
        }
    }

    /// The table schema is: | epoch | seq id | row op | sink columns |
    /// Pk is: | epoch | seq id |
    fn infer_kv_log_store_table_catalog(&self) -> TableCatalog {
        infer_kv_log_store_table_catalog_inner(&self.input, &self.sink_desc().columns)
    }
}

impl PlanTreeNodeUnary for StreamSink {
    fn input(&self) -> PlanRef {
        self.input.clone()
    }

    fn clone_with_input(&self, input: PlanRef) -> Self {
        Self::new(input, self.sink_desc.clone(), self.log_store_type)
        // TODO(nanderstabel): Add assertions (assert_eq!)
    }
}

impl_plan_tree_node_for_unary! { StreamSink }

impl Distill for StreamSink {
    fn distill<'a>(&self) -> XmlNode<'a> {
        let sink_type = if self.sink_desc.sink_type.is_append_only() {
            "append-only"
        } else {
            "upsert"
        };
        let column_names = self
            .sink_desc
            .columns
            .iter()
            .map(|col| col.name_with_hidden().to_string())
            .map(Pretty::from)
            .collect();
        let column_names = Pretty::Array(column_names);
        let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(3);
        vec.push(("type", Pretty::from(sink_type)));
        vec.push(("columns", column_names));
        if self.sink_desc.sink_type.is_upsert() {
            let sink_pk = IndicesDisplay {
                indices: &self.sink_desc.downstream_pk.clone(),
                schema: self.base.schema(),
            };
            vec.push(("downstream_pk", sink_pk.distill()));
        }
        childless_record("StreamSink", vec)
    }
}

impl StreamNode for StreamSink {
    fn to_stream_prost_body(&self, state: &mut BuildFragmentGraphState) -> PbNodeBody {
        use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::*;

        // We need to create a table for sink with a kv log store.
        let table = self
            .infer_kv_log_store_table_catalog()
            .with_id(state.gen_table_id_wrapped());

        PbNodeBody::Sink(Box::new(SinkNode {
            sink_desc: Some(self.sink_desc.to_proto()),
            table: Some(table.to_internal_table_prost()),
            log_store_type: self.log_store_type as i32,
            rate_limit: self.base.ctx().overwrite_options().sink_rate_limit,
        }))
    }
}

impl ExprRewritable for StreamSink {}

impl ExprVisitable for StreamSink {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, ColumnDesc, ColumnId};
    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
    use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
    use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;

    use super::{IcebergPartitionInfo, *};
    use crate::expr::{Expr, ExprImpl};

    fn create_column_catalog() -> Vec<ColumnCatalog> {
        vec![
            ColumnCatalog {
                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v1", ColumnId::new(1), DataType::Int32),
                is_hidden: false,
            },
            ColumnCatalog {
                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v2", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamptz),
                is_hidden: false,
            },
            ColumnCatalog {
                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v3", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamp),
                is_hidden: false,
            },
        ]
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iceberg_convert_to_expression() {
        let partition_type = StructType::new(vec![
            ("f1", DataType::Int32),
            ("f2", DataType::Int32),
            ("f3", DataType::Int32),
            ("f4", DataType::Int32),
            ("f5", DataType::Int32),
            ("f6", DataType::Int32),
            ("f7", DataType::Int32),
            ("f8", DataType::Int32),
            ("f9", DataType::Int32),
        ]);
        let partition_fields = vec![
            ("v1".into(), Transform::Identity),
            ("v1".into(), Transform::Bucket(10)),
            ("v1".into(), Transform::Truncate(3)),
            ("v2".into(), Transform::Year),
            ("v2".into(), Transform::Month),
            ("v3".into(), Transform::Day),
            ("v3".into(), Transform::Hour),
            ("v1".into(), Transform::Void),
            ("v3".into(), Transform::Void),
        ];
        let partition_info = IcebergPartitionInfo {
            partition_type: partition_type.clone(),
            partition_fields: partition_fields.clone(),
        };
        let catalog = create_column_catalog();
        let actual_expr = partition_info.convert_to_expression(&catalog).unwrap();
        let actual_expr = actual_expr.as_function_call().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            actual_expr.return_type(),
            DataType::Struct(partition_type.clone())
        );
        assert_eq!(actual_expr.inputs().len(), partition_fields.len());
        assert_eq!(actual_expr.func_type(), Type::Row);

        for ((expr, (_, transform)), (_, expect_type)) in actual_expr
            .inputs()
            .iter()
            .zip_eq_debug(partition_fields.iter())
            .zip_eq_debug(partition_type.iter())
        {
            match transform {
                Transform::Identity => {
                    assert!(expr.is_input_ref());
                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
                }
                Transform::Void => {
                    assert!(expr.is_literal());
                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
                }
                _ => {
                    let expr = expr.as_function_call().unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(expr.func_type(), Type::IcebergTransform);
                    assert_eq!(expr.inputs().len(), 2);
                    assert_eq!(
                        expr.inputs()[0],
                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string())
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }
}